International Trade Management Lecture Notes Essay

International Trade Management Lecture 1 Juney Notes Globalisation Debate Lecture Objectives: 1. Globalisation Trends (Have choices, Cheaper) 1.1 Globalisation 1.2 Trends 1.3 To operate abroad, consider†¦ 2. Anti-globalisation (When you are anti-smth, there would be forms of barriers) 3. Trade barriers – government intervention in international trade 3.1 Free trade 3.2 Trade Barriers 3.3 Why Government Intervene in International Trade 3.3.1 Political Arguments 3.3.2 Economic Arguments 3.4 Instruments of Trade Policy 3.4.1 Tariffs 3.4.2 Subsidies 3.4.3 Import quotas 3.4.4 Voluntary export restraints 3.4.5 Local content requirements 3.4.6 Antidumping policies 3.4.7 Administrative policies 3.5 Government intervention impact business strategy by†¦ 4. Free Trade Agreement 5. Trade blocs 1. Globalisation Trends (Have choices, Cheaper) 1.1 Globalisation 1.1.1 Globalisation of Markets 1.1.2 Globalisation of Production 1.2 Trends 1.2.1 Outsourcing 1.2.2 Offshoring 1.3 To operate abroad, consider†¦ 1. Globalisation Trends 1.1 Globalisation 1. Definition: The shift towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy. 1.1.1 Globalisation of Markets 1. The merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one hugeShow MoreRelatedBUSN115 Final Exam Study Guide1656 Words   |  7 Pages37-38; week 1 lecture pg 5 Be able to define, differentiate and provide examples of a free market, command and mixed economy. pg 42-44 2-6 thru 2-9 Define and discuss the fiscal and monetary policy role of the federal government and its respective agencies. pg. 49, 51; week 1 lecture pg 5 List and define the foundations of capitalism. pg. 35 2-5 Apply the â€Å"Invisible Hand† to a market economy. pg 33-34 Explain productivity and its relationship to international trade. Week 1 lecture pg 4; pg seeRead More Human Resource Management Essay example1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe Employment relationship is the only reason public and private limited organisations work effectively. The Employment relationship is a fragile tie between an employer â€Å"management† and employee â€Å"worker†. This relationship can be affected by 3 factors which are interests, control and motivation. Employers have to balance these factors in order to maintain a productive working relationship. Employment relationship works like any other relationship, commitment is required from both sides. InRead MoreIntb 3355 Final Review893 Words   |  4 Pagesreligious nonbelievers. Situations – Kidnapping for ransom, Paying ransom becomes counterproductive, Countermeasures by industry, Chemical and biological terrorism, Kidnapping as a means of funding terrorist groups, Business executives (local and international) as targets, Insurance, Prevention c) Property seizure - Confiscation - Expropriation - Nationalization – Reasons- To extract money if government suspects hidden profits, Profitability- the government believes it can run the firms more efficientlyRead MoreInternational Business Environment6667 Words   |  27 PagesModule specification INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Code: PGBM04 Credits: 15 Level: Masters FBL, Business School Board: Postgraduate Business Studies Learning Hours: 150 of which 30 CONTACT hours Rationale 1. The international business environment is multi-dimensional, including economic, political, socio-cultural and technological influences. While each can be viewed in specific national settings, increasingly they have become interrelated through processes of globalisation. In particularRead MoreFaculty of Law and Management: International Marketing10010 Words   |  41 PagesFaculty of Law and Management School of Business Faculty of Law and Management School of Management International Marketing MKT3IMK Subject Learning Guide 2011 Andrew Gilmore Contents 1.0 Subject information at a glance 3 2.0 Subject description 4 3.0 Learning and assessment 4 3.1 Learning objectives 4 3.2 Assessing the learning objectives 4 3.3 Assessment tasks 5 3.3.1 Overview 5 3.3.2 Case Study 6 3.3.3 Final eamination 6 3.3.4 Group assignment 6 3.4 AssessmentRead MoreDetermining The Efficient Tool For Business Process Management1536 Words   |  7 PagesDeciding the Efficient Tool for Business Process Management in Organizations Using Analytical Hierarchical Process Sravani Vadali Engineering Management University of Houston – Clear Lakeâ€Æ' Introduction to Business Process Management Business process management (BPM) is a management approach to make an enterprise’s activities and tasks to be more accurate, more competent and more efficient in adapting to the ever-changing needs of business. BPM is a far-reaching merging of Business Process ReengineeringRead MoreInternational Finance Lecture Notes 1-145897 Words   |  24 PagesLecture 1 – Multinational Financial Management: An Overview Review goals of multinational corporations (MNCs) and conflicts with those goals. Describe the key theories that justify international business. To explain the common methods used to conduct international business. Multinational Corporations Goal of the MNC – maximize shareholder wealth Conflicts against this goal Agency problems – managers act in their own interestRead MoreUk From Mercantilism Free Market Ideas1561 Words   |  7 Pagesnavigation acts where he outlined cases where government intervention in trade was useful (Phillipson, 2010). Adam Smith was not opposed to regulation in all, but the instances where individuals and governments were able to abuse their position of personal for the means of personal gain. Now, the measures in order to boost the economic activity and reduce unemployment were not successful as concerns extra imports, thus worsening the trade balancing and seemed to lead to big rises in inflation (Downs, 1957)Read MoreThe Supply Chain’s Significance in Developing an Operations Strategy:1222 Words   |  5 Pagesaddress the needs of critical customers. (Operations and Supply Chain Strategy, 2009). A supply chain consists of multiple organizations linked together in a partnership and their overall goal is to satisfy the needs of the end customer. As the lecture notes (n.d.) points out, operations manage the activities of the entire supply chain from start to end. Because of the operations managements nature of spanning across the functional level and being integrative, it is involved in many other strategicRead MoreIso 9000 Standard2266 Words   |  10 PagesFIT 5157 Services Science - Lecture Notes - ISO 9000 Standards ISO 9000 Standards Browse the web sites: http://www.iso.org/iso/home.htm http://www.ansi.org/ http://www.bsi-global.com/ There are three types of quality standards: 1 Product standards. These set safety and functionality requirements for products. 2 Quality Control standards. These lay out the statistical techniques which can be used to make inferences about the proportion of defective products and so on. 3 Quality Assurance standards

The Future Of Disease And The Human Genome Essay - 1125 Words

Recently there has been much uncertainty regarding the future of disease and the human genome. Amongst the multitude of uncertainties and advancements Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, henceforth known as CRISPR, has been at the forefront. Though discovered in â€Å"in the 1980s in E. coli† confirmation purpose of this shining new advancement has caught the eye of scholars and laymen alike (Reis, Hornblower, Robb, Tzertzinis 2014). As, since its discovery, it has shown the promise of completely changing the way that we think about DNA. This is because CRISPR can be an easy and relatively inexpensive way to edit parts of living cells. More specifically, it has the potential to be a way of editing away undesirable part of the human genome with then end goal of one leading scientist in the field being â€Å"to treat diseases in humans† (Park 2016). The original intent of the developers many have been benevolent targeted editing of genomic anomali es, the implications and possibilities of future use has made both those within the science community and laymen very concerned. The molecule which we know as CRISPR was discovered in initially found in a species of E. coli. But since it’s identification scientists have found the molecule in some 90% of archaea and most bacteria (Horvath and Barrangou 2010). In the microbes that it is found, CRISPR has a more specific purpose than gene modification. CRISPR, and the associated genes are part essential of protection andShow MoreRelatedNews And Bioethics: The Ethics Of Human Genome Editing.989 Words   |  4 PagesNews and Bioethics: The Ethics of Human Genome Editing Technology and science have changed the way society views the future. Reproductive technology, bio-medical technology, and even simple household appliances have changed how people live, think, and interact. According to Science Daily, scientists are researching another technological advancement to look forward to in the future, human genome editing. Human genome editing is a form of genome therapy. Genome Therapy refers to the removal of faultyRead MoreTechnology And Science Have Changed The Way Society Views981 Words   |  4 Pageschanged the way society views the future. Reproductive technology, bio-medical technology, and even simple household appliances have changed how people live, think, and interact. According to Science Daily, scientists are researching another technological advancement to look forward to in the future, human genome editing. Human genome editing is a form of genome therapy. Genome Therapy refers to the removal of faulty genes or adding new genes to cure or prevent disease (Placeholder1). This news articleRead MoreAn Explanation Of The Scientific Importance Of Human Genome Project1239 Words   |  5 PagesScientific Importance of the Human Genome Project The human genome project is an international effort that serves as a possible solution to the many diseases that affect billions of people worldwide. This project is a great milestone in the field of genetics as it allows scientists to determine the sequence of genes in chromosomes which will show where disease causing mutations are occurring and what can be done to reverse it. Looking back in time, many of the diseases which could be cured were doneRead MoreThe Human Genome Project?1023 Words   |  5 Pages The Human Genome Project Today we are learning the language in which God created life . . . humankind is on the verge of gaining immense new power to heal. Genome science will have a real impact on all our lives, and even more on the lives of our children. It will revolutionise the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of most, if not all, human diseases. - Bill Clinton, June 2002. The Human Genome Project came into existence in the late 1980 sRead MoreQuestions On Human Genome Project1470 Words   |  6 Pages Layan Kojan BIOL 1010 Assignment #3 - Option 2 The Human Genome Project Tuesday November 17, 2015 What makes one person differ from the other? Is it physical appearance, personality or mentality? These three factors separate each individual from one another and it is what makes them different. Physical appearance, personality and mentality are made up from the same building blocks which are known as DNA sequences. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), is a self replicatingRead More##ome-Wide Association Studies : The Human Genome Model For Disease786 Words   |  4 PagesGenome-Wide Association Studies Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are often correlated with personalized medicine. GWAS studies often involve sequencing the entire genome of patients suffering from a specific disease, to look for shared mutations within their genomes (Bush et al., 2012, p.1). These shared mutations are then investigated to assure their direct correlation with the disease, in which this mutation can be used to diagnose future patients by identifying the same mutation in theirRead MoreWhat Is The Human Genome Project?1619 Words   |  6 PagesThe Human Genome Project? Imagine a world where most diseases and cancers have either been cured or have treatments to help people with them. Where there is no longer a regular doctors check up and now they would now take a look at what’s inside you. Where doctors will now look at the genes in your genome and find the problem in there. After they find the spot where there is something wrong, they would easily know what it is and give you a diagnosis and a treatment. Due to the Human Genome ProjectRead MoreThe Human Genome Is Not Just A Black And White Decision Essay1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthe human genome is a topic that has been discussed for several decades, but just recently it is becoming a reality. Through many advancements of technology, the CRISPR method has emerged, and it is providing the opportunity for genetically modifying the human genome to take off. However, allowing the use of the CRISPR method is not just a black and white decision. Modifying the human genome is a hot debate in the science and medical fields todays. Arguments in support of modifying the human genomeRead MoreThe Human Genome Project Is An Incredible Feat871 Words   |  4 PagesThe human genome project is an incredible feat. The significance and contributions of the project to the science world has and will have a significant impact of the way we treat, diagnosis, and prepare for diseases if an individual knows they have a predisposition to it. There are two significant contributions that I believe has been very beneficial to the health field. The first is recording and storing all the new found information on genomics into one database. More importantly though is havingRead MoreThe Human Genome Project Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe Human Genome Project â€Å"The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the largest biological investigation ever undertaken†[1] which began in 1990 and spanned 13 years. It achieved its goal in 2003 by identifying the sequence of over 3 billion base pairs which constitute the human genome (the complete genetic material of an organism). The project was heralded by the research conducted in 1953 by the scientists Watson and Crick who discovered that DNA existed as a double helical

Essay On The American Dream - 1328 Words

Growing up in a Latino family introduced me to the past of my parents and grandparents. It wasn t easy. Education was important, but living under a roof, having clothing to put upon them, and having a meal to eat every day was too. Unfortunately, my grandparents nor my parents could obtain a diploma or degree. They were obligated to work hard every day to be able to help support the family in order to meet their personal needs. But of course, as many other families in America did and still do, they had a dream. The American Dream. Which was to come to America for a better life and provide a better future for their family and the future generations of the family. And I am proud to say that they accomplished that American dream.†¦show more content†¦That there would be difficult moments where I would have to work my way up and work hard for the things that I wanted to accomplish. They always encouraged me to keep moving forward with new dreams to accomplish one after another. My parents did all this because they wanted a better future for me than the future that they had for themselves at first. I say at first because today my parents have proved to me that anything is possible. My father might not have completed school but he is exceptionally intelligent as a business agent, including being the best of the best in his own job. And my mother, what can I not say about her. She proved to me that it is never too late to accomplish your dreams by going to college and obtaining her G. E. D., and knowing her she will most likely continue to a degree. Seeing all the things that they can accomplish makes me proud to be their daughter because they bring me hope. Them having lofty standards for me, allowed me to keep working harder for my dreams and even setting high standards for myself. A 70% on my report cards or even progress reports were not permitted by my parents at all. And if they did appear, I had better be prepared for the big trouble that I was going to be in. As a child, I didn t really understand what all the fuss was about. But then I realized, the reason why my parents insisted on me having such high grades as I do now was that they were lookingShow MoreRelatedEssay On The American Dream1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream: Is it Only a Dream? From the moment colonists stepped foot on American soil, freedom flowed through their skin. The new country would bring endless opprotunities to anyone who wished to pursue their dreams. Through years of effort, the United States was born and along with it a sense of equality and meaning. Today, America has much to stand for. Although times were rough along the way, the American dream is one of being free and having a voice. America has proven itself to beRead MoreAmerican Dream Essay3358 Words   |  14 PagesTHE AMERICAN DREAM THE AMERICAN DREAM Section #1 a. The impact cultures in North America have on the United States is that each region adapted the traditions and/or beliefs of those who settled in that area by maintaining dance, music, and crafts. Many English settlers did not respect the Native American cultures, and were seen as uncivilized and/or savages. Basically there was a clash of cultures, with new ideas pushing away old ways and mayor cultures oppressing others. b. ImmigrationRead MoreThe American Dream Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesA great dream, The American Dream. Or is it? Is my American Dream the same as your American Dream? Does it help? Or is it harmful? Do you know? â€Å"To achieve wealth, status, business, family, house, and (a) car(s).† That is the modern american dream. That’s is quite different compared to the original American Dream, â€Å"Every person has the opportunity to achieve their own idea of happiness.† Which version is your version? Or maybe your version is different. Have you thought about what different versionsRead MoreEssay on The American Dream1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman, The Great Gatsby, and Maggie: A Girl of the Streets Millions of immigrants come to America each year to seek their American Dream. Many people believe that rising social mobility and success is possibleRead MoreEssay On The American Dream1456 Words   |  6 Pagesorder for them to come to the United States and pursue the American Dream. The American Dream has a different meaning for everyone. Many people might think of the American Dream as being able to get a job in order for them to be able to help their family members who they left back in their native country, while for others t he American Dream will be to be able to purchase their first home in the United States, while for others the American Dream might be to have a good job in order for them to pay forRead MoreAmerican Dream Essay992 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent issues as they settle in the United States. Although these problems may vary, the message is the same; the American dream is a lot more difficult to achieve than previously thought. Although every immigrant is different in the problems they face while in the country, one problem seems to stand out from the rest. The biggest obstacle for immigrants to overcome to achieve the American dream is in the field of jobs. The biggest problem immigrants face is finding work in which they can support themselvesRead MoreThe American Dream Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream is a concept that has circulated around the world and has caused people from other countries, and those who live in America, to come to our nation and take advantage of the opportunities in place to better their lives. The definition of the American Dream, provided by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America (1931), is â€Å"a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†¦It is not a dreamRead MoreThe American Dream Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing up, I always thought the â€Å"American Dream† was having a nice suburban house with a husband, a few kids, and a golden retriever. I think of people within the Middle Class had it pretty good because of the nice house and adorable, tightknit family. The drea m has never really changed, and I don’t think what my imagination of it ever will. Something else I think of when thinking about the â€Å"American Dream,† I immediately think about is all the people that come to the United States from all overRead MoreThe American Dream Essay799 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the American Dream? In America, numerous cultures and ethnic backgrounds are present. The American Dream is a subjective phrase, with different meanings for different people. The novels Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver, and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou, portray different definitions of the American Dream. In theory, the American Dream is the thought that through hard work, anyone can achieve their goals in this country. In Into the WildRead MoreEssay On The American Dream936 Words   |  4 Pagespersecution. Starting with the European settlements in the 1600s and many waves of diverse groups of people migrated after thus creating this ideology known as the America Dream which encompasses the opportunity at a better life and growth in all aspects political, economic religious etc. But at what cost what is often forgot is the American nightmare which is included the perverse and horrifying accounts of colonialism, diaspora and slavery. Slaves were not migrants they did not come here on their own

The Rise Of Technological Advancement - 853 Words

The past 20 years have undeniably been witness to continuously, and unabated change in many aspects of our individual lives. One of the major changes that I believe has encouraged our wakefulness is the rise in technological advancement. Our textbook explains how the light bulb is at fault for our decreasing sleep time, and now things such as the Internet, cable TV, and cell phones seem to be keeping us awake at night. I certainly have found myself surfing the internet, watching television, or scrolling down my apps on my cellphone â€Å"for one more minute† right before I go to sleep, far too many times to count. All of these unhealthy before bedtime rituals involve light, a deterrent of our much-needed slumber. In terms of societal changes, I always seem to relate 20 years ago to â€Å"simpler times,† maybe because I was only a child then, but comparing it to today everything seems to go at a much faster speed now, almost as if there isn’t enough hours in the day to accomplish our â€Å"to- do list† which is why we have leaned towards decreasing our sleep time in order to get more accomplished. 20 years ago we did not have all of this technology flooding our everyday lives, people did not care about posting to Facebook or catching up on a reality show you have to watch all 12 episodes in one sitting, or text messaging every waking moment of our day. 20 years ago the day consisted of going to work in order to provide for the family, getting home in time for dinner, and tucking yourselfShow MoreRelatedToday s Relationship Of Education And Economy880 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge.† One of the most fundamental building blocks of technological advancements in today’s society is the dependence on education. Creative Destruction, in simpler terms, is the persistent renewal of technology that constantly supersedes the previous forerunner. Many universities play a major role in research and innovation of all areas of study , one notably being technology. It is evident from this that technological advancements are derived directly from educational institutions, which permeatesRead MoreMicrosoft : The Rise Of Technological Development1607 Words   |  7 PagesMicrosoft on the Rise In the technological industry, significant advances are often the results of sequential evolutionary steps. For example, in 1997, the company of Microsoft rose to power and became the world s most influential company, valued at 261 billion dollars. This happened because Microsoft offered something that society was missing: personal computing (a new approach in technological advancement). Microsoft allows the expansion of new horizons and the ability to bring about changeRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On Income Distribution1525 Words   |  7 Pages2007). With the growth of transport and communication networks possible, individuals and businesses can exchange goods, services and information at a rate which us humans would have considered impossible 50 years ago. From improvements in the economy, rise in emerging markets and dramatic growth in technology, businesses have little or no choice but to adapt to the dynamics of globalisation and design strategies that compliment the compl iance structure of current market trends and institutional conditionsRead MoreThe Medieval Machine : The Industrial Revolution Of The Middle Ages1377 Words   |  6 Pageshas a certain connotation to its meaning. People throughout time have found the era synonymous with negativity. It has often been referenced to as the middle or dark ages lending people the view of a world with little to no progress along human advancement. We often paint the picture of medieval Europe with kings, queens, lords and peasants. We also immediately thing of the bubonic plague that wiped out almost a third of the European population at the time. However, there are three sides to everyRead Moretechnology and the workforce Essay837 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessary training for potential employees to be able to embrace technological changes. Vocational training also provides potential employees with the tools needed to survive the technological changes. It is important to note that some people are not able to pursue the continued education necessary to work in an industry where technological changes are rapid. We should not hold back technology to protect the unskilled workforce. Technological advances allow for companies to do and make goods better andRead MoreChanges And Advancements Of Human Resources884 Words   |  4 PagesThere have been many changes and advancements in Human Resources (HR) since companies started implementing HR practices and procedures, officially into their business organizational structure. Some may recall a time when the Human Resource department was simply called Personnel. As with every aspect of business, technology has become an integral and ever changing part of the HR department. It now affects how companies recruit for open positions in their company and even how applicants apply forRead MoreIf There Is Technological Advance Without Social Advance, There Is, Almost Automatically, an Increase in Human Misery.874 Words   |  4 PagesOver the pa st century technology has advanced greatly without a doubt. The three main advancements in technology has improved mechanics, weapons and science in the nature of research and techniques used within the NHS today. From these given examples, the advantages are obvious. It increases the speed capacity of day to day life and it allows the human race to have the freedom of choice against nature. However, the human misery caused behind these examples include, the causation of human lazinessRead MoreGdp Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesconstant, and 1-ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ± are constants between 0 and  1 that together add up to 1. This can also be seen in the Solow Model and the Romer Model, where the different variables can be changed based on changes in amount of labor, capital, and ideas (technological advancements). Donald Trump’s claim to deliver 3% annual GDP growth is not reasonable due to many of the different underlying factors that are necessary to lead to growth that are not occ urring. By studying the state of the nation under Trump and lookingRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Recording Studios1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe advancements of technology have impacted the recording studios more dramatically than any other career within the music industry. Thus the necessity to adapt to these changes is vital for any individual working in this field. However, these advancements have also made the technology of professional recording studios more accessible and subsequently caused the rise of home recording studios. The advancements of technology have impacted the recording studios more dramatically than any other careerRead MoreHow Technology Is Inevitable?1141 Words   |  5 Pages The fact that new technological innovations are being created on a daily basis is not a surprising bit of information. And, for most of us, neither is the â€Å"anxiety about ubiquitous surveillance† (Hunt) that accompanies it. We have our privacy invaded nearly every single day, ranging from having our telephone conversations tapped into to being constantly watched by every surveillance camera in a major retail store. One of the newest wonders in technology is the Google Glass—an interesting pair of

Developing Good Business Sense Free Essays

Choose three companies and observe how employees do their tasks. These can be three different fast-food restaurants or three entirely different types of companies, such as a fast-food restaurant, a department store, or the emergency room of a hospital. In doing this research paper I was able to observe businesses in three different fields. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing Good Business Sense or any similar topic only for you Order Now I observed an Electronics Store where the employees were paid on commission, a clothing store that paid their employees an hourly salary and a shipping company that paid its employees an hourly salary. While visiting the electronics store that paid their employees a commission salary based on their sales, I noticed that the employees were extremely polite and helpful. I was greeted by a lady as soon as I walked in the building. She welcomed me by informing me that they were happy to have me in and they were readily available to assist me with any questions I had. I also noticed that the employees in this company were very knowledgeable and took pride in their appearance as well as the appearance of their store. They were also very aggressive in their efforts to convince me to buy something. The second establishment I observed was a clothing store that paid their employees an hourly salary. While in this store I noticed that the staff was not as strong with the level of their customer service. They had a greeter at the door that was responsible for greeting customers as they entered the building. The store had a more laid back atmosphere to it and the employees were more focused on folding clothes and packing the shelves instead of assisting the customers and providing customer service. The third business that I established was a shipping company that pays its employees an hourly salary. The employees in this business were focused on providing excellent customer service while processing transactions in a speedy manner. The employee that greeted me was very polite but she was also trying to service me in a speedy manner so she could move on to the customer waiting in line. I was pleased with her service because she remained polite and she was very knowledgeable which made it easy for her to answer all my questions. Think about the differences in the operations involved in the input, operations, and output stages of these companies. Try to identify the nature of their operating systems. Are employees organized in different ways? If so, why? If possible, talk to the managers and employees in these operations to further your analysis. Based on my observations of the three businesses I used for this research paper I was able to generate three different theories about their operations and how their employees are organized. The electronics store that pays their employees a commission salary has a specific culture that is determined by their pay structure. After speaking to the store manager I discovered that the company strives to create an incentive based culture where employees are rewarded based on their sales. The company uses these sales incentives to motivate their staff in every manner for example. After an employee is hired they are taught that their sales and commission are directly affected by their knowledge level, their level of customer service and the look and appearance of their store among other things. The company informs the employees that they can make more money by being knowledgeable and focusing on customer service because knowledge and customer service builds credibility and trust with customers which leads to customer loyalty and repeat business. They are also taught that the appearance of their store directly impacts the customer and their commission because if the store looks good, the customers will be comfortable and more likely to buy (Smith, 2010). After observing the employees and speaking to supervisors in the clothing store with the hourly employees I found out that the company focuses on motivating the staff through consistent recognition and high accountable. When an employee is hired, the managers discuss the company policies and standards while setting expectations with the employee. The manager then spends a majority of their time teaching the employees how to work effectively. After training the employees, the managers put themselves in positions to observe the staff members so they are able to provide feedback. They make every effort to catch the good behaviors so they can provide recognition and boost the employee’s morale but they are also willing to provide developmental feedback when necessary. The manager informed me that this approach works for their company because it creates a fun and positive environment and the employees know they will always be treated fairly (Thomas, 2010). The shipping company had a completely different manner of operation because of the business they were in. The manager informed me that their company is more focused on working fast and efficient. The company’s goal is to deliver packages before deadlines and they train their employees to execute all their operations in the same manner. The company gives the employees goals and deadlines for every aspect of their job. For example, they have a specific time that they have to report to work, stock the delivery truck, inspect the truck and deliver packages. The company makes everything time bound and the employees are expected to do as much as they can with as little as possible (Holmes, 2010). How to cite Developing Good Business Sense, Essay examples Developing Good Business Sense Free Essays Developing Good Business Sense Axia College of University of Phoenix BUS 210 Developing Good Business Sense June 29, 2008 The three companies I selected for this assignment are McDonalds, Bose Corporation and Motorola. From the reading I was able to determine the employee’s organizational structure within this company’s by which they complete their jobs. I will review and outline the main kinds of Operations and Materials Management (OMM) processes these companies use, and how it affects their operations. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing Good Business Sense or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, I will discuss how companies design their operating systems to give them a competitive advantage. I will identify which components of operations and materials management costs and the methods companies use to reduce them. McDonald’s is a highly successful and well recognized brand leader of fast food restaurants located around the world. They sell hamburgers and french fries as their primary products, and they work with many different food suppliers such as hamburger bun manufacturers, beef producers, produce suppliers and many others, to ensure their foods are as fresh as possible. McDonald’s sells franchise rights to local owner/operators which allow them to keep costs low and avoid high capital and plant investment costs. Since a great deal of McDonald’s service is reliant on delivering customer’s food fresh, McDonald’s use the Just in Time (JIT) inventory management system. This system reviews stock inventory levels available against product usage, and arranges delivery and restocking to the restaurants just as inventory items are needed. This allows inventory to be kept to a minimum in each franchise location. Foods for the restaurants are not warehoused for days or weeks, and are efficiently managed under this system so they are used quickly and, freshness is guaranteed. Each franchise owner keeps labor costs down by managing store staff schedules against the peak customer periods when the restaurant gets busy. Another technique McDonald’s uses to keep distribution costs low, is to have soft drink company’s ship only the soda syrup mix needed for each brand, which is then mixed with carbonated water at the soda fountain in the store. McDonalds has also begun to employ the use of robotics to complete routine, repetitive tasks such as filling soda orders for the drive through window and dumping fries into the fry maker, as a means of making their food quicker and less expensively. Over time the return on investment for these developments will pay off greatly in saved labor costs. Of course, the most important element in any McDonald’s restaurants is that employees must be organized and communicate effectively. Wasted food equates to wasted money and if a special order is needed, staff must talk to each other to make sure it is done right the first time. By working together as a team the cooks, preparation staff, and cashiers help to keeps the orders organized and production is kept high. The Bose Corporation is a world renowned manufacturer of high-fidelity speakers and audio equipment. The company’s ability to meet customer demand for their products is dependant on the supply chain and availability of components needed to complete customer orders. The company uses a supply chain network that is spread across the globe, with their primary source of over 50% of purchased components coming from the Far East. Logistics managers within the company bear the responsibility of moving the vast amounts of equipment into production, based on a real-time inventory management system called â€Å"ProterLink†. This system is able to locate supplies that are needed anywhere in the shipping chain, and divert them if necessary to meet an accelerated production schedule if necessary. This operational system gives Bose the advantage of meeting large customer’s orders without missing a beat. Transportation costs associated with material movement and management from suppliers to their Bose’ production facility would be a key cost consideration for the company. If supplies needed to fill orders are transported efficiently and are timed to correspond to production schedules, costs would be lower because unnecessary components would not take valuable inventory space away from items that are in need to complete orders, thereby maximizing production effectiveness. Motorola, a global communications leader, is using a unique forward thinking production plan to bring their services and products to market. In their self-named, â€Å"factory of the future†, custom made communication devices can be produced very quickly for customers, giving Motorola a competitive advantage. The process starts with sales person who receives the order and inputs all of the customer’s customization preferences. This information is provided as a barcode and relayed to the production facility, which uses automation technology (robots) to produce the phone in accordance with the customer’s wishes. Using robots gives Motorola a competitive advantage because they are able to mass produce large volumes of customized phones, with only a two-hour turnaround window. The universal operational strategy in any business is to meet the goal of customer satisfaction. The company’s reviewed accomplish that goal through improving quality and efficiency, and ultimately reducing costs. [pic] How to cite Developing Good Business Sense, Papers Developing Good Business Sense Free Essays Developing Good Business Sense Jennifer Lapaix BUS/210 February 28, 2010 Joanna Gierak The most over looked functions in any successful company is the Operations and Materials Management, commonly referred to as OMM activities. Operations are the functions or services that convert the input to a company into finished products and services. Materials management is the process that resources into and out of the operating system. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing Good Business Sense or any similar topic only for you Order Now To develop a good business sense you must understand how operations and materials management differ in various types of companies. The three companies I have chosen to examine are part of different industries, but Microsoft, In-N-Out Burger, and Dillard’s all share the success of a good business sense. Microsoft’s employees are selectively chosen and are programmed with prior advanced knowledge of software creation. They are expected to be pioneering and proficient with the software they create. Microsoft strives to bring user-friendly and efficient software to its customers and can only do so with employees who are team-oriented and motivated to challenge the competition (Microsoft, 2010). Microsoft’s operating system is complex but revolves around a simple idea of staying ahead of the curve in software production. The company maintains a high competitive edge over competition by supplying operating systems to almost all PC’s. The company has also branched into game console sales and will soon open individual retail locations. The downside to monopolizing the software industry and driving out competition due to incompatibility with other providers is the amount of capital spent on lawsuits and government fines. Microsoft’s reputation in the computer world may be tarnished by overly competitive operating system (Microsoft, 2010). Microsoft’s OMM costs include high salaries due to the very advanced and experienced nature of their employees. Employees are teamed and given specific goals to reach. With a challenging, but loosely controlled atmosphere, Microsoft gives its employees the room and materials to create groundbreaking software at a calm but rapid pace. Other, less expensive costs might include suppliers for equipment. Because so much of our technological items are imported, Microsoft can instead place production costs into advertising and distribution. E-commerce has further lowered the cost of distribution for Microsoft, who can now sell full operating systems and software over the Internet without the need for packaging expenses (Microsoft, 2010). In-N-Out Burger, established in 1948, is a fast-food hamburger and fries restaurant that specializes in personalized and extremely efficient service. The business philosophy is simple: â€Å"Give customers the freshest, highest quality foods you can buy and provide them with friendly service in a sparkling clean environment. † (In-N-Out History, 2010, para. 2) Employees of In-N-Out Burger can be trained from scratch, are energetic, customer service oriented, and expected to deliver high quality food. Employees are polite and friendly at all times and maintain a clean environment in the entire restaurant thus following in the founder’s business philosophy. The nature of In-N-Out Burger’s operating system is one of quality, since its inception in 1948 the menu and recipes have not changed. While other fast food restaurants use processed food or frozen food, In-N-Out Burger makes everything the old fashioned way. Also, another signature key to all In-N-Out stores is windows all around showing employees cutting vegetables for the burgers and potatoes for the fries right in front of the customers. In-N-Out’s menu only consists of burgers and fries, nothing more because the quality is so fresh and good that customers come back time and time again keeping the stores packed all day long. In-N-Out Burger’s OMM costs include mostly food and salary. Employees at In-N-Out burger, unlike other fast food chains, have a low churn rate and are paid above the industry average with full benefit packages. Employees are extremely team-oriented. As opposed to working in smaller groups, all employees on the clock are considered one team, relying on one another to eet In-N-out Burger’s reputation for rapid service and correct, quality orders. By using this type of one-mind employee organization, the restaurant runs smoothly and more efficiently from all angles even when in a small, enclosed environment. The training systems used are vigorous and motivational with a substantial amount of time and attention given to newly hired individuals. Since all branches are franchised, advertising expenses are much lower and help a franchisee to build his or her branch without becoming overwhelmed (In-N-Out Burger, 2010). Dillard’s, one of the leading high-end retail chains in the nation, specializes in exemplary customer service and brand name clothing. Dillard’s employees are extremely professional and sales-oriented. They are expected to dress cleanly and attractively to further the reputation of the company. Service at Dillard’s is top of the line and employees must be knowledgeable in their area. They must have a friendly, but not overpowering demeanor (Dillard’s, 2010). Dillard’s functions with an operating system designed for high-end customer service and fashion. Their success and reputation since 1938 has given them a competitive edge over newer high-end retail outlets. With a history of intelligently acquisitions, Dillard’s has expanded its presence across the United States rapidly. Catalogue sales and credit card options have also furthered the company’s competitive edge (Dillard’s, 2010). The OMM costs of Dillard’s are almost exclusively inventory costs and salaries. Though their clothing is marked up for consumers and can be purchased at low mass costs, such large quantities of clothing still amount for a good portion of spending. Employees at Dillard’s are given higher than average pay and extremely competitive benefits. Many of the employees are sales-driven with high commissions available to the best sales-people. The company prefers to hire individuals who have past retail or sales experience, and a flair for professional style. Similar to Microsoft, Dillard’s has also benefited in lower distribution costs due to E-commerce (Dillard’s, 2010). Employees are the backbone of these successful business and their operating systems are very dependant and focused on them. Even though they are yet again similar, these companies have very different ways of organizing their employees to improve profit and reputation. Because of the dramatic difference in industries and services offered, these companies have varying operating and materials management (OMM) costs. Costs such as those mentioned above effect a company’s overall profit. In order to deflate the OMM costs, companies like Microsoft, who are spending large percentages of capital on salary and benefits, may look to lowering production and distribution costs. Since software is easily downloaded from the Internet, Microsoft drives Internet sales to avoid packaging and delivery of their software. Other ways that Microsoft has cut down on employee expenses is outsourcing. Technical support is handled by cheap labor in other countries while software creators, who are highly paid and demanded, remain in the United States. Customer service may decline due to language barriers. The weight between savings and reputation must be carefully weighed in order to sustain a semblance of service with the customer base (Microsoft, 2010). In-N-out Burger cuts costs by using distribution centers that are nearby and even sometimes in the same city. By not purchasing foods that too far away, In-N-out Burger is able to hold a standard of quality food for customers but also can keep food fresh longer, reducing the amount of spoiled surplus and dissatisfied customers (In-N-Out burger, 2010). Dillard’s may cut OMM expenditures by under-ordering clothing. The high-end nature of the business means that sales can be slow and therefore clothing must be sold, once out of season, to other retailers at lower costs. Although selling the clothes gets back a portion of the initial costs, selling at the mark-up price is more advantageous (Dillard’s, 2010). References In-N-Out Burger. (2010). History. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://www. in-n-out. com/history. asp In-N-Out Burger. (2010). Employment Restaurant. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://www. in-n-out. com/employment_restaurant. asp Wikipedia. (2010). Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Microsoft Dillard’s. (2009). Career Options. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from http://www. dillards. com/sec/SecHeaderServlet? secflag=c How to cite Developing Good Business Sense, Papers

Life is like an ocean Free Essays

The ocean. This is the object/place that I could compare with my life. Life is unpredictable and there are also waves like the ocean. We will write a custom essay sample on Life is like an ocean or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are calm days and there are rough days. Sometimes it’s warm and inviting, but sometimes it’s cold and scary. The ocean is deep and there is much to explore. And also is life. There are so many things to explore, but we can only experience all this things if we go inside it. Every mime you go inside it, you learn new things and this things could make you grow up and can teach you some things. Some of us are afraid of what will happen because we don’t know what’s next. â€Å"What if I can’t? What if I fail? What if they laugh at me? What if I get hurt? † This questions are some of those hindrance of solving our challenges in life. We should not overreact and all we have to do is Just think about It. If we make the bad decision then we should not blame others, we must need to sail gain through the rough parts of it until we already achieve it. It can pull us under, but we can still rise if we really want that our dreams will come true. My life can be compared to ocean. It’s always moving, and having ups and downs, long, and big. We also meet different creatures while exploring that can help us. Even if it is full of problems, we should still enjoy It. Life Is an ocean of experiences. You should dive right In! How to cite Life is like an ocean, Essays

A HowTo Narrative For English Comp Essay free essay sample

A How-To Narrative For English Comp Essay, Research Paper The population of the United States made some serious forfeits during World War II. Gasoline rationing caused a major turbulence in the cab and hauling industry and production of non war related point was curtailed. Sugar was limited to minuscule sums on certain yearss of the month and people hoarded it as if it were gilded. One of the most detrimental curtailments was the production of beer due to the limitations placed on barley. All the little # 8220 ; ma and dad # 8221 ; breweries could non afford to close down for the continuance of war and went out of concern, go forthing the beer production to a limited few. This caused a alteration in the American ingestion of beer to a light laager type with really small competition. However, true beer lovers do non hold to devour the massed produced, watered down imitation of existent brew any longer. We will write a custom essay sample on A HowTo Narrative For English Comp Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A little investing in equipment, a speedy trip to your local home-brew shop, and you are on your manner to doing your really ain beer. To get down with, you must piece your brewing equipment, get downing off with a brew pot. Any pot that can keep at least three gallons of liquid will do provided it has a palpebra. You will necessitate a five gallon H2O bottle, which we will stick on with an air lock, as your fermenter. Agitation is the procedure of turning your ingredients into the finer things in life, beer, while the air lock keeps bacteriums out of the fermenter. The air lock is cheap and can be purchased at your local home-brew shop for a twosome of dollars. You now have the equipment needed to brew and ferment, all you need now are bottles and caps for hive awaying and basking your beer. Bottles are easy obtained from your local tap house for the cost of the sedimentation and caps and cresting equipment are found at the home-brew shop for less than ten dollars. Once you have assembled this equipment you # 8217 ; re ready to travel on to bring forth your first batch of existent American beer. Now that the equipment is assembled, we come to the most hard portion of brewing ; make up ones minding on a type of beer. Your local home-brew shop has 100s of kits available for doing every manner of beer known to adult male but make up ones minding which one is right for the novitiate is a tough determination. I would urge that you start with an ale type of formula, due to its robustness to defy temperature fluctuation. Get down the brewing procedure by puting three gallons of H2O in the deep-freeze. Next, topographic point two gallons of H2O in your brew pot and convey to a furuncle. After it comes to a turn overing furuncle, add the ingredients of your brew kit ( non including the barm ) . The kit is measured sum of barley infusion and hops, dehydrated and packaged for convenience. Stir the ingredients exhaustively, cut down the heat and simmer covered for an hr. Keep a close oculus on the pot because it will boil over if non carefully monitored. When you have completed the one hr furuncle clip, take the H2O from the deep-freeze and pour into your fermenter. This H2O should be about 40 grades or so, but the exact temperature is non critical. Carefully pour your hot mixture into the fermenter and let it to blend with the cold H2O. This mixture of â€Å"raw† beer is called wort ( riming with â€Å"shirt† ) and the temperature should stabilise around eighty five grades. Once we have completed the cookery or the existent brewing procedure, we now turn to the most interesting portion of the procedure. You should now hold five gallons of wort in your fermenter and a barm package. Cut unfastened the yeast battalion with a unfertile brace of scissors and add to your fermenter. This is called # 8220 ; fliping # 8221 ; the barm. You can sterilise your scissors by utilizing intoxicant or puting them briefly in a fire. Fill your air lock to the top and affix steadfastly to the top of your fermenter. Now we come to the hardest portion of brewing: waiting. Ale barm is a really rapid barm and you should see your air lock get down to bubble within two to three hours. These bubbles are C dioxide being expelled from the barm that is change overing the starches in your wort to alcohol. In two or three yearss, the bubbles should decelerate to one bubble per minute bespeaking it is ready to bottle. Siphon the wort from the fermenter into your waiting bottles, go fo rthing about one inch to the top of each. Then, utilizing your bottle capper, cap each of the bottles and topographic point in a cool topographic point for one hebdomad. That s all there is to it. You can now open your beer and bask more spirit and texture than in most beers produced in the United States. Now that you have made your first batch, you may wish to research many other brewing techniques and manners of beer. Home- brewing is quickly turning throughout the United States and there are many nines and groups that can offer support and advice. You may wish to get down brewing from natural ingredients poetries packaged formulas. This will name for some serious idea and even more serious of an investing. But in the immortal words of Charlie Pappazan, the immortal leader of the home-brew motion, # 8220 ; Relax, wear T concern and have a home-brew. # 8221 ; 34e

Falsifying Economic Models

Questions: 1.Economic models are false and so government should ignore their predictions.Explain, discuss and evaluate the accuracy of this statement? 2.Provide full citations for the employed literature. Comment on the magnitudes of these estimates in relation to the standard economic determinants of the price elasticity of demand? Answers: 1. Economic models are mainly constructed on the basis of historical data, information, and statistics. Therefore, 100 percent accuracy is impossible if the outcomes of a model define randomness. Apparently, if a model has possessed cent percent accuracy as well as zero error, it will be described as a fact (Buck Lady, 2005). However, economic models have been created by the economists considering the real-world historical data that represents uncertainties, randomness, and errors. As a result of the scenario, simpler models can be misleading and false to identify the actual economic parameters. In order to create statistical modelling on economics, both reality and approximation have been considered. Depending on the leading purpose of economic models, factors and variables must be assumed to complete the model (Siliverstovs, 2017). Clearly, the hypothetical models can be perfect as far as theoretical field. Based on economic parameters and historical data, a flawless economic model cannot be formed. Understandably, each of the economic models has been constructed based on approximation. Therefore, changes in variables at a certain level can result in misleading predictions. For instance, financial risk-models can be one of the devastating models to be considered leading to the economic crisis (Freedman, 2011). During 2008 global crisis situation, misleading financial risk models had created massive economic uncertainties, to say the least. Hence, economic models are moreover false in most of the cases. Meanwhile, considering the two types of economic models such as theoretical and empirical models, the accuracy of the models can be questioned on a serious note. Each of the models has certain limitations and variables (Fingleton, 2008). Some of the models have started without explanations to be precise. Notably, most the models are created on economists experience and knowledge resources. As a result of the same, different models can deliver different types of outcome even if the set of data is constant (Buck Lady, 2005). During economic trend setting, most of the models are found as unreliable. For instance, demand-supply model of labour industry can be depended on so many variables and factors. Hence, predictions cannot be prcised by merely following the economic models based on theoretical concepts and historical data. In the current scenario, governments must change their perspective on economic models as the models can be full of flaws. Meanwhile, the governments cannot ignore all the models at once. The calibrated models should be updated according to time making sure that tiny flaws should be readjusted. Precisely, recalibrated models should be utilised in financial risks to avoid wrong predictions. Moreover, apart from logical economic models, rest of the models should be ignored by the governments to avoid unwanted financial crisis issues. Decisively, if economic models have to be utilised by the government, accurate data resources should be mandatory replacing approximation system. 2. The price elasticity of demand presents the relationship between the quantity demand and the price of the product helping in estimating the effect of change in the price on the quantity demanded of the commodity. The equation used to calculate the price elasticity of demand of a product is as follows: Percentage change in the Quantity Demanded Percentage change in the price The above equation is used to estimate the effect of change in the price on the quantity. It is also used to estimate the change in the revenue earned by the firms after and before the price change (Karlan Zinman, 2013). It is important to note that the price elasticity of demand of a product depends upon the utility derived by it. Hence, the price elasticity of demand of a product is different than any other product. The estimations of the price elasticity of three different products are presented herein below: Gold: Gold is a luxury product as well as a price sensitive product. A small change in the price of gold leads to a high change in the quantity demanded (Miller Alberini, 2016). For example, when the price of gold decreases from $45 to $40, the quantity demanded increases from 1000 units to 1250 units. Hence, the change in percentage of price is 12.5 percent, whereas the change in the percentage of quantity demanded is 25 percent. Therefore, the price elasticity of gold is 2 that make it have a highly elastic demand. A diagram has been presented for better understanding: Figure: Highly Elastic Demand Source: (Salvatore, 2011) It can be seen from the above figure that the change in the quantity demanded is more than the change in the price. Hence, gold being a luxury product has a highly elastic demand. Salt: In the case of essential goods such as salt that are used on a regular basis in daily life, the demand of the product does not change with the change in price (Rassenfosse Potterie, 2011). For example, if the price of salt increase from $1 per kg to $2 per kg, the demand will remain same. On the other hand, if the price falls, the demand for salt will remain unchanged. Therefore, the demand for necessary products is perfectly inelastic in nature. A diagram has been presented herein below for better understanding: Figure: Perfectly Inelastic Demand Source: (Salvatore, 2011) It can be seen from the above figure that the quantity demanded remains constant at Q for all level of prices at point P, P1 and P2. Though the price changes, the change in quantity demanded is zero. Hence, salt or any other necessary goods have a perfectly inelastic demand. Cigarette: In the case of cigarette, it is a product that causes addiction. Hence, a change in the price of cigarette will have a little impact on the quantity demanded of the product (Rassenfosse Potterie, 2011). For example, a rise in the price of cigarette from $4 to $5 will have a decrease in the quantity from 10 units to 9 units. Therefore, the change in the price is 25 percent, whereas the change in the quantity is 10 percent. Hence, the price elasticity of cigarette is 0.4, which makes it inelastic in nature. Figure: Highly Elastic Demand Source: (Salvatore, 2011) It can be seen from the above figure that the change in the quantity demanded is less than the change in the price of the product. Hence, cigarette is estimated to have inelastic demand because it is a product of addiction. References Buck, A. Lady, G. (2005). Falsifying economic models.Economic Modelling,22(5), 777-810. Fingleton, B. (2008). Competing models of global dynamics: Evidence from panel models with spatially correlated error components.Economic Modelling,25(3), 542-558. Freedman, D. (2011).Why Economic Models Are Always Wrong.www.scientificamerican.com. Retrieved March 2017, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/finance-why-economic-models-are-always-wrong/ Karlan, D. Zinman, J. (2013).Long-run price elasticities of demand for credit(1st ed.). London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. Miller, M. Alberini, A. (2016). Sensitivity of price elasticity of demand to aggregation, unobserved heterogeneity, price trends, and price endogeneity: Evidence from U.S. Data.Energy Policy,97, 235-249. Rassenfosse, G. Potterie, B. (2011). On the Price Elasticity of Demand for Patents.Oxford Bulletin Of Economics And Statistics,74(1), 58-77. Salvatore, D. (2011). Microeconomics (1st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Siliverstovs, B. (2017). Dissecting models' forecasting performance.Economic Modelling.

Apollo s Enchantment

Apollo s Enchantment Free Online Research Papers Apollo s Enchantment is an oil based on canvas, That is 43 3/4 x 56 in wide with a wooden frame around the paining. It is a circle of mythology Greek gods around one their our. In the top center is Zeus in a cherry red toga with women around him. Athena is to top right next wear a dark white and obstinate orange wrapped around the dark white on her head is a navy blue helmet. In the center right below Athena is Ares he wearing a heartthrob red toga with helmet of heartthrob red and gusto gold. To the bottom right is Artemis wearing a forest green dress with a golden pot in her hand. In center on the bottom is Aphrodite wearing a daisy yellow dress with a golden cup in her hands. In the center of the painting is Apollo sit on stool of gusto gold with a extra white on him awhile he is holding golden lyre. To the bottom left is Hermes wearing a lusty red toga with a golden magic wand. In the center left is Hades wearing a show stopping red toga around are ghostly white people serving him.To the top left is Poseidon wearing cayenne orange with pearly white hair surrounding him are blissful blue people. Emphasis is based on the one focus point of the painting. The art that is the main point of this painting is Apollo. The work is center my the light images around Apollo. Taking Apollo from the other mythology gods around him are dark to focus the light around Apollo in the larger art scale. Directional forces influences as to pay attentions to parts of the artwork. Like the way it is in a circular motion around Apollo. By the way all others god are looking towards him in the center of the celebration. Well this based on imagination because of the mythology Greek gods. I think the gods are have a celebration the light of Apollo. By having Apollo in the center they are stating that they will lost with the light of that god to the darkness for those who the protect. With their eyes on Apollo they are in trance by his glow and the truth of mankind behind him. West has very good craftsmanship in this art. He knew of the mythology Greek gods. He drew them are what the represent in the Greek mythology aspect. He understand that Apollo is god of music, playing a golden lyre and his chariot with four horses an drive the Sun across the sky. The god of healing who taught man medicine,The god of light, and The god of truth.If didnt do his task the mortal world would be in darkness .To use oil based paint made it hard because of it slow drying procedures. At is magnitude of painting at this moment of time when those around were searching for an higher source to believe in. This theme is not timeless there are still many people believe and worship the mythology Greek gods. It is an beautiful painting I would see it again. It made me want to take time in the little things we take for granted. Like the air we breathe and the warm of a sunny day. Research Papers on Apollo 's EnchantmentWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Hockey GameCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XResearch Process Part OneThe Fifth HorsemanThe Spring and AutumnMind Travel

20 Steps to Ensure You Always Have a Job

20 Steps to Ensure You Always Have a Job While nothing is certain when it comes to careers, it always pays off if coworkers and managers can count on you- personally  and professionally. Aim to be the person who not only gets the job done, but does so with class and integrity. Here are 20 tips you can take with you no matter what field you’re in. Internalize them, practice them, and find success. Rest assured, if you do this, you will ensure you always have a job.

Learning Antiracism

Louise Derman-Sparks and Carol Brunson Phillips’ Teaching/Learning Antiracism offers a curious glimpse into a course aimed at fighting racism. The co-authors provide the reader with an approach to combating racism in the classroom with theoretical background as well as practical strategies for achieving this end. While I was initially confused about how this text might relate to a course on special education, it soon became clear that racism, like ADD and LD, imposes a severe limitation on the ability of many students to learn in a typical classroom. The text begins with a startling, yet quite appropriate, theoretical stance towards the problem of racism. Later, this theory is used to justify the pedagogical approach of these two teachers in their actual classroom. Much of the theory used in the beginning of this text is reminiscent of a classic text on racism called The Nature of Prejudice, written some fifty years ago. The authors clearly lay out some of the evidence indicating that we still live in a racist society. They also account for the rationalizations behind racism and the historical basis for many of the modern forms of racism that continue to persist. One of the statements that really struck me was in regard to the field of psychology and its response to this issue: while denial, delusions, projection, phobias, and distortion are all scientifically recognized psychological disorders – and all aspects of racism racist behavior is still not recognized as a mental illness. This text also makes it clear that the issue of racism is as damaging to the oppressed as it is to the oppressors. It is interesting to me that we have a number of clinically recognized â€Å"special needs† which demand accommodations of various kinds in the classroom. Each of these needs is to some extent recognized by the general public as legitimate, while at the same time is viewed with suspicion by others. For example, while it is... Learning Antiracism Free Essays on Teaching/Learning Antiracism Louise Derman-Sparks and Carol Brunson Phillips’ Teaching/Learning Antiracism offers a curious glimpse into a course aimed at fighting racism. The co-authors provide the reader with an approach to combating racism in the classroom with theoretical background as well as practical strategies for achieving this end. While I was initially confused about how this text might relate to a course on special education, it soon became clear that racism, like ADD and LD, imposes a severe limitation on the ability of many students to learn in a typical classroom. The text begins with a startling, yet quite appropriate, theoretical stance towards the problem of racism. Later, this theory is used to justify the pedagogical approach of these two teachers in their actual classroom. Much of the theory used in the beginning of this text is reminiscent of a classic text on racism called The Nature of Prejudice, written some fifty years ago. The authors clearly lay out some of the evidence indicating that we still live in a racist society. They also account for the rationalizations behind racism and the historical basis for many of the modern forms of racism that continue to persist. One of the statements that really struck me was in regard to the field of psychology and its response to this issue: while denial, delusions, projection, phobias, and distortion are all scientifically recognized psychological disorders – and all aspects of racism racist behavior is still not recognized as a mental illness. This text also makes it clear that the issue of racism is as damaging to the oppressed as it is to the oppressors. It is interesting to me that we have a number of clinically recognized â€Å"special needs† which demand accommodations of various kinds in the classroom. Each of these needs is to some extent recognized by the general public as legitimate, while at the same time is viewed with suspicion by others. For example, while it is...

Free Essays on The Suffering, The Dukkha

THE SUFFERING, THE DUKKHA: One major specific experience of suffering of my own came to me on October 20th 1998. I will never forget this tragic day of suffering. This is the morbid day my mom’s soul left her body and past away physically. This experience was a shocking event that no one expected and devastated the entire family. She was only 47 and in decent health. She went to the doctors and got check ups. She ws recovering from surgery. The surgery was done to cut out a piece of cancer on her lung. The cancer was the size of a quarter ($.25). She had a difficult time breathing and was stressed out. She got the cancer from cigerette smoking. Due to the stress and being weak she went back to smoking. This caused extreme tension within the family. One day she went out to get a pack of cigerretes and never came home again. She had a seizure while driving and the car flipped over. My family and I thought she past away due to the accident. We then found out by the town sherrif that she past away due to neglagence. If the police officer had pulled my mom out and laid her down flat she would then be able to breathe properly. So a lenghty lawsuit was soon to transpire. The lawsuit delivered much anxiety and stress for my father. The lawsuit inolved tampered tapes of the ambulance. We eventually won the lawsuit. Now when October arrives I get depressed and have many negative thoughts in me. Instead of thinking of my favorite seasons, the beautiful fall. Leaves, cool tempertures, Halloween, sports, school, my birthday, and Christmas coming. I think of this suffering my family and me went through. My suffering includes hatred, anger, guilt, stress, and much more. Leading to a heavy depressed state. I had hatred for the tobacco companies. Giving my mom and many others cancer. By paying billions to experts and commercials to seduce the public and but them in a trance of acute false pleasure. Little did the public know of the chronic eff... Free Essays on The Suffering, The Dukkha Free Essays on The Suffering, The Dukkha THE SUFFERING, THE DUKKHA: One major specific experience of suffering of my own came to me on October 20th 1998. I will never forget this tragic day of suffering. This is the morbid day my mom’s soul left her body and past away physically. This experience was a shocking event that no one expected and devastated the entire family. She was only 47 and in decent health. She went to the doctors and got check ups. She ws recovering from surgery. The surgery was done to cut out a piece of cancer on her lung. The cancer was the size of a quarter ($.25). She had a difficult time breathing and was stressed out. She got the cancer from cigerette smoking. Due to the stress and being weak she went back to smoking. This caused extreme tension within the family. One day she went out to get a pack of cigerretes and never came home again. She had a seizure while driving and the car flipped over. My family and I thought she past away due to the accident. We then found out by the town sherrif that she past away due to neglagence. If the police officer had pulled my mom out and laid her down flat she would then be able to breathe properly. So a lenghty lawsuit was soon to transpire. The lawsuit delivered much anxiety and stress for my father. The lawsuit inolved tampered tapes of the ambulance. We eventually won the lawsuit. Now when October arrives I get depressed and have many negative thoughts in me. Instead of thinking of my favorite seasons, the beautiful fall. Leaves, cool tempertures, Halloween, sports, school, my birthday, and Christmas coming. I think of this suffering my family and me went through. My suffering includes hatred, anger, guilt, stress, and much more. Leading to a heavy depressed state. I had hatred for the tobacco companies. Giving my mom and many others cancer. By paying billions to experts and commercials to seduce the public and but them in a trance of acute false pleasure. Little did the public know of the chronic eff...

Guantanamo Bay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Guantanamo Bay - Essay Example The US has faced frequent attacks for holding inmates without trial and for their alleged mistreatment." (Guantanamo Bay). The United Nations has also got involved in the issue now and they have demanded for the immediate closure of this camp. The same has been strongly opposed by the US government and they have put forward that the inmates are treated very humanely in these camps and hence denying all the allegations made against the US. The camp was originally established to keep the suspected terrorists of Afghanistan. "Pentagon officials insist the US is entitled them to hold "enemy combatants" - who do not enjoy the rights of prisoners of war or US citizens accused of crimes - without charges or trial for the duration of hostilities. (Guantanamo Bay). The United nations have proofs of torture in these camps and hence they demand an immediate action by the US. The UN claim that the torture in these camps have reaches another level, the inmates are exposed to extreme temperatures and are fed through nasal tubes, the inmates are also exposed to extreme conditions produced by light and sound. ... The US soldiers slam the heads of the prisoners against the cell; many more unimaginable things are done by the US soldiers' day in and day out. "The US says interrogations are yielding useful intelligence, including some from inmates who have been detained for up to two years." (Guantanamo Bay). "The current Cuban government considers the U.S. presence in Guantnamo to be illegal and the Cuban-American Treaty to have been procured by the threat of force in violation of international law" (Guantanamo Bay). There have been enough proofs found which show that the US soldiers have crossed all the limits and hence they must immediately pull out of Cuba, else the world is likely to witness another war. Major Issues A recent article published in The Guardian claims that a former Guantanamo inmate is a present Taliban leader heading many major operations. This is very bad news for the US and for all the other countries fighting terrorism. The inmates are being treated unfairly by the US army and the same motivates the inmates to escape the Bay and avenge the unfair treatment that they got from the US army. This is a huge problem which must be sorted out as soon as possible, many more members will join Taliban in order to teach the US a lesson in other words to give them a taste of their own medicine. The world is very familiar with the way the US soldiers treated Iraqi citizens. It is not very difficult to figure out why the inmates are turning against the US and joining dangerous groups. "The new Talibanmilitarycommander leading attacks against British troops in southernAfghanistanwas released fromGuantnamo Bay15 months ago after persuading a US military tribunal that he wanted to live a peacef ul life with his family, according to US

9.1 Select and Discuss an Image Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

9.1 Select and Discuss an Image - Coursework Example As can be depicted from the art, it was able to portray John Sloan adherence to realism and hence socialism. The central focus of the art is the beach with the people in it, most probably depicting the behavior of people inside; consequently, showing the realist nature. His preference for expression of what is happening in the contemporary settings, as can be seen by the woman touching her hat, in the middle ground. The other people, still in the middle ground have turned their focus on the woman, appreciatively, as they continue lounging on the beach sand. They embrace each other with joy and passion, as can be seen by those women supporting themselves on the men. Intuitively, the artist constructively uses women in his piece as objects of desire in the society. He depicts the ability of different genders to interact with one another with a recommendable touch, within our contemporary world. The use of happy women in the picture also portrays Sloan’s realism view about the modern New Yorkers. One can assume that the women in the middle ground are happy beside the male characters because of the presented gleeful atmosphere. This insinuates the new independence found within the New York residence that makes them interact freely with each other. Just like realist before him, he was able to capture the essence of independence found in the urban life. Nonetheless, the artist also depicts beauty of urban life in his art. They are wearing gleaming hats which fits them in a glamorous manner. Further, the women have also worn dresses which discern the curves and beauty of their bodies, as shown by the one adjusting he art. The realism nature of the piece also comes out when accessing the artist’s ability to depict urban genre scenes. As aforementioned, the beach had few visitors at the time; he makes use of dark palette, bold and sketch brushwork to give the island park an

Christian Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Christian Counseling - Essay Example This is the reason why church counseling had been given birth. The issues that could be addressed by individuals towards the church are not limited. The fact that the authorities of the church are believed to have been continuously assisted by God in all their ways, it could not be denied that the assistance they provide believing individuals is indeed practical and applicable. People spend millions of dollars on self-help books and professional counseling. While the advice thus found may sometimes be helpful, a Christian's faith leads him to a far better source of aid. Says James: "So, if any one of you is lacking in wisdom, let him keep on asking God, for he gives generously to all and without reproaching; and it will be given him. But let him keep on asking in faith, not doubting at all, for he who doubts is like a wave of the sea driven by the wind and blown about." (James 1:5,6) A Christian's faith is the guarantee that such divine aid will be provided. He has no hesitancy about approaching God in this way, for 'he has this freeness of speech and an approach with confidence through his faith in [Christ].'(Ephesians 3:12) True, the degree that professional counselors garnered from their respective universities cannot be denied to have a certain level of high standard when it comes to dealing with individuals who are having problems of different sorts. However, this truth cannot also be denied of the fact that their counseling procedures are based upon the capability of humans to resolve their issues. How the Church Handles Counseling On the contrary, the church relies on the most powerful source of knowledge and practical counsel, the Bible. Admittedly, the direction God gives people can at times seem difficult, perhaps even impossible-to implement. Abraham, for example, received God's promise that he and his wife were to have a son. Considering the fact that their reproductive powers were 'dead,' attempting to have this child seemed futile. Yet, says Paul: "Although [Abraham] did not grow weak in faith, he considered his own body, now already deadened, as he was about one hundred years old, also the deadness of the womb of Sarah. But because of the promise of God he did not waver in a lack of faith, but became powerful by his faith, giving God glory and being fully convinced that what he had promised he was also able to do." (Romans 4:19-21) From Abraham's example, it could be noted that the only thing needed to have fine results from the Church's way of counseling is to have faith that these particular guidance assistances could lead to the betterment of the situations that each individual deals with at present. While God is not at this time performing such direct miracles, Christians today find

Safety Not Guaranteed Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safety Not Guaranteed - Movie Review Example After the Seattle Magazine’s editor Bridget screams on its staff for getting new ideas, Jeff springs up with an idea of writing an article about a queer advertisement that was posted in a newspaper. Bridget agrees and two interns including Darius and Arnau to work with Jeff in finding out about the advertisement poster. For this purpose the three of them go to a small town in order to look for the poster of the advertisement and Jeff is also determined to look for Liz. After watching out for the post office box, Darius and Arnau area able to identify the man who posted the advertisement – Kenneth, a queer man who has great interest in physics and quantum mechanics. Jeff goes to meet Kenneth at his house as a travelling partner but he is turned down. Jeff sends Darius thinking she is more suitable in piquing Kenneth’s interest. It happens that Darius and Kenneth soon bond and later, although it is not explicitly stated, Darius and Kenneth travel across time togeth er. ... Stage 2 occurs as Darius is able to interest him so that after she leaves her phone number on a soup can, Kenneth calls her. Darius pretends to have read the advertisement and have come as a travelling partner with Kenneth and when Kenneth calls Darius they both decide on a meeting spot to discuss about their â€Å"mission†. Kenneth believes that government agents are after him for discovering a way to travel back in time and so he is also a little suspicious of Darius. It happens that when Darius drives off to meet Kenneth, her car is being followed by people making Kenneth paranoid so that he cancels their meeting. At this point, Darius seems to have passed stage 3 of friendship and seems to be going towards a more romantic type of a relationship where the stage 1 has already been initiated with their meetings and interactions. Their next interaction occurs when the two decide to meet at a restaurant to discuss about their mission. The two have a friendly conversation althou gh Kenneth seems not to want to disclose much information. Kenneth then feels a sudden instinct to reach out to his car but Darius stops and reassures him thereby enabling the building of trust. There is an intense increase in their communication and closeness as the two prepare for their mission running through woods, learning to shoot at the bottles, and learning to prevent getting caught by the government agencies. This allows Kenneth and Darius to bond so intensely that Darius starts loving Kenneth and this relationship goes to a new step of commitment as in the end it implicitly seems that Kenneth now lets go of his efforts to be with Belinda, Kenneth’s girlfriend, as he has Darius with him now who has travelled with him back

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Corporate governance - Essay Example ts relation to growth and development of companies and also the scandals that arise where good governance is eliminated and the ways in which these scandals can be eliminated in businesses through proper regulation and legal control. Corporate governance in UK dates back to the growing anxiety in 2002 where corporate scandals had started being experienced in the US. UK set up the Smith committee and the Higgs committee to investigate these failures and the reports were evident of the latent manegiarialism in companies. This raised concerns on integrity of the managerial system of companies. It was argued that high-quality corporate governance was supposed to reduce costs and improve good working conditions of the workers. It was caught up in a scandal in 2008 in which there was an asset scandal which led to loss of value of the bank’s shares. It had a win- win situation where traders who won were rewarded hand those who lost their money to the bank. This was a short term performance that led to the loss of the value. They could have used a much longer term performance. It has been up with a number of controversies e.g. that of environmental pollution particularly in African countries. In 1990 protesters were against the company’s environmental record because of the possible pollution that was caused by the proposed disposal of Brent spar. This was a platform in the North Sea. Shell reversed the decision despite the massive support it received from the United Kingdom government. It maintained that the sinking of the platform would also have done better for the environment than the revised decision. Shell had also another scandal in 2004 of overstatement of oil reserves. This resulted to the loss of confidence of investors and stakeholders for the group. The financial services authority fined them 17million Euros. This also saw the departure of Phillip Warts. In Africa, it has led to environmental issues some of which are very extreme. Many pipes are much

The Disposable Camera

The Disposable Camera The Disposable Camera Brief This report aims to explain and understand the fundamental workings behind the popular and revolutionary disposable camera. The connection between the Lens and the Film will have most emphasis and explanation where appropriate. This will be achieved by a physical dismantling and any online information available. Introduction Photography is undoubtedly one of the most important inventions in history. It has enabled people to capture and cherish moments in time and preserve them for years to come. During its developing life the disposable camera has become inexpensive to manufacture, and thus cheap to the consumer compared with other more ‘user adjustable opposites. The basic technology, first conceived in 1814, is fairly simple. It requires 3 standard elements; an optical element (the lens), a chemical element (the film) and a mechanical element (the camera body). It is the manufacture and assembly of these parts that create a precise image of what we see before us. The basic overview of the device Disposable cameras are all manufactured in the same manor; not to allow removal and reloading of the film. Instead, these single-use cameras are built around the film, with the main process of rolling it from one side of the camera to the other without a protective casing. When the user is ready to take a picture, they â€Å"point and shoot† at the desired subject and press the shutter release button. This button activates a spring-loaded piece of plastic that flicks open for a pre-defined length of time. The length of time is usually defined by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO); this is commonly regarded too as the â€Å"shutter† or â€Å"ISO† speed. The, now open shutter makes an impression on the film. All cameras work with the process of light thus the inside of a disposable camera must be very dark. The light that entered the camera is focused and captured on a portion of the photosensitive film, creating a photo image. This printed film is then advanced into the container on the right to stop any more light from continuing to expose the film. As this happens a new section of the film is moved into position. Once the film has been exposed, the physical camera body is no longer needed. To get the photos of the film it needs to be taken to a professional developer; here, the film is removed and developed (usually in a professional darkroom or in a commercial photo developing machine). The developed photos are then collected by the photographer while the casing is discarded or recycled. The FujiFilm 35mm Disposable Camera Under exposed photos have always been a criticism of disposable cameras, where not enough light is gathered through the pre-defined shutter mechanism. To combat this, the FujiFilm 35mm has a built in flash. To activate the flash, a little flap on the front of the camera has to be pulled up, See Fig.01. This flap connects a metal strip inside the camera to the circuit board causing a charge to flow. This moves electrical energy from the pre-installed battery to the transistor ready for the shutter release to be activated. As the user presses the shutter release button, the charged transistor releases its energy to the flash causing light. However, this only happens if the red LED is lit on the top of the camera (indicating the flash is fully charged and ready to use). The flash is usually in sync with the shutter to â€Å"Freeze† the image. The process in which the chemical film is pulled the correct distance for use with a new image is controlled by a series of gears on the top right of the camera. As the user turns the top right gear, the white gear (Fig.06) is pulled by the holes in the film; this pulls another gear until it reaches a â€Å"stop† position. This is how the camera knows when a new section of film is ready for exposure, also releasing the shutter button for the user to take another photo. Simply, the film that the light image is produced upon is useless on its own. It is actually the chemicals that are on the film that react to the input light to cause the end photo result. The chemicals on the film are Silver Halide salts which are bonded by gelatine. The variable crystal size determines the sensitivity, contrast and resolution on the film. The shutter mechanism is possibly one of the most important processes the camera must undertake through the capture process. Within the FujiFilm 35mm is relies highly on the springs to operate the removal of the shutter from the lens. As the user presses the shutter the white arm is released pushing a flap connected to the shutter. This pushes the shutter away from the lens, while the spring relocates it into the correct position. See Fig.07. At the same time the two circuit strips are connected, Fig.08. The Lens The optical element is an essential part to any camera as it angles the light entering the device into a standard that the camera can read. At its simplest, a lens is just a curved piece of glass or plastic, which can slow down and angle the light to redirect it into a â€Å"real image† what is in front of the lens. This make/model of camera incorporates a fixed lens; this basically means that the lens is not customisable by the user. In terms of taking a photo; an object cannot be focused upon if its too close to the camera. The process of taking a picture can be explained very easily. As light travels into a denser medium, at an angle, it changes speed; as glass and plastic are denser materials than air, the light slows down as it enters the camera. Due to the light hitting the medium at an angle, some of the light will slow down before the rest, causing a resultant change in angle. This is commonly referred to as â€Å"Refraction†. Put simply, imagine you are swimming through water; eventually you reach a patch of oil at an angle. The side of your body that hits the oil first will slow down while the opposite side will keep the same potential energy and momentum as before, thus causing a change in direction. In a standard converging or â€Å"Convex† lens, the glass curves out (away from the camera body). This makes the light bend towards the centre of the lens on entry. Effectively, this reverses the image horizontally. (Fig.09) A standard disposable camera gives a minimum distance from the â€Å"real image†. This is its focal range. Anything below the given distance will be processed blurry as the lens cannot refract the light enough to focus on the film. The amount the light is angled on entry is proportional to the structure and curvature of the attached lens. (Fig.10). Standard compact disposable cameras have an aperture (size of the shutter hole) in the range of f/11 to allow the image to be in focus from 4 feet to infinity. The standard lens used in cameras today is most commonly manufactured from a single moulded plastic sheet and mechanically pressed into the camera. Camera Recycling With the government clamping down on waste due to over consumption and the lack of re-using acceptable products, many companies now recycle disposable cameras. There are two options currently available; the first is to re-load the film and replace the original battery to brand new ones. The second is to send of the plastic parts, which are all fully recyclable, off to be remade into something else. Conclusions The disposable camera has become cheap, user friendly, inexpensive to manufacture and a brilliant way to capture images in time. Through many years of development, they have become smaller and more manageable becoming the device we all could not live without today. Although, by making it increasingly smaller and compact, its now fairly complex and contains a large number of parts, increasing the overall sale price. As a result, manufacture and assembly of the components would be very time consuming. The time has come for a completely robotic production and possibly a compact disposable camera that has the ability to place your SD card into and remove once the camera has been used. Bibliography 1. Overview of how the camera works http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/camera.htm 2. Camera electronics http://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=camera-flash.htmurl=http://www.exo.net/~pauld/activities/camera_electronics.html 3. History of the Camera http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_camera 4. What is photographic film? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film 5. Manufacture of a disposable camera http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4925657_how-disposable-camera-manufactured.html

Democracy According To Karl Popper

Democracy According To Karl Popper Karl Popper (1902-1994) was one of the most provocative philosophers and thinkers of the twentieth century. Born in Vienna, he grew up in a city witnessing great intellectual ferment and cultural excitement. One of his most celebrated and well-known books, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, appeared in Germany in 1934; it marked Poppers decisive break with the philosophers who formed the prestigious Vienna Circle and exposed many of his most influential arguments and ideas, above all we should remember his theory on the growth of scientific knowledge. On the eve of World War Two, Poppers life took a dramatic turn: because of the threat of German invasion, in 1937 he was urged to leave his own country and he emigrated to New Zealand where, reflecting on the tyranny that was sweeping around Europe, he wrote The Open Society and Its Enemies, published in 1945. This work is undeniably a classic, Karl Popper decided to write it in March 1938, when the Nazis invaded Austria. This personal background says a lot about Poppers motivation for writing The Open Society, and about its main theme as well. In this book as well as in The Poverty of Historicism, he attacks totalitarianism and its intellectual supports: the attempt to impose a large-scale planning on the lives of human beings in the light of holistic and historicist considerations. In order to analyze Poppers idea of democracy we shall sets out key tenets of his social and political thought, as well as a few of problems with them. The paper will try to underline Poppers conception of human nature and show how this provides a framework for his theory of history, his critique of historicism and his conception of the open society and democracy. After considering Poppers central political values of freedom and reason, well go through the political programmes of democracy and piecemeal social engineering; after these considerations it will be possible to conclude that Popper can not sustain an exhaustive anti-dogmatism and, contrary to the philosphers own declaration, his political ideas can not be classified as liberal in any honest way. Historical and Intellectual Background Even if Popper rejected Marxism in 1919, he claimed to be a socialist till 1932; it was the socialistic ethic and its idea of justice to which he retained adherence, not its political strategies. Awareness of the growth of authoritarianism in the Soviet Union and what he saw as deficiencies in the Marxist theory and practice of Austrian social democracy pressed him to revise further his political views. Both the idea and the experience of violence were catalytic. Social democracy, by holding to their threat of achieving their objectives by violent means, were implicitly provoking state authorities to a ruthless response, Popper then adopted a more traditional, liberal political stance: deciding that freedom was more important than equality he reaffirmed his rejection of violence. The central core of Poppers social and political theory resides in The Poverty of Historicism and The Open Society and Its Enemies, regarded by the author as his war effort: they were intended as a defense of freedom against the obvious impulse towards totalitarianism and authoritarianism. Poppers further espousal of the values of reason, toleration, peaceful discussion and respect for the individual all find their predecessors in Kants moral and political philosophy. The Austrian thinker extends Kants ethical precept of criticism and self-criticism providing a foundation for his philosophy of critical rationalism and joins Kants optimistic idea and hope in the possibility of obtaining social reform and peaceful relations within and between nations. Human Nature To explain human behaviour and history Popper refuses the utility of a general theory of human nature; his conception of human nature may be found in his knowledge of biology and psychology since he considers human beings similar to any organism, in that they have inborn needs or expectations. According to the author, people tend to hold on to the uniformities they discover, become afraid of change and even wish to dominate others; so if this occurs, the failure of a regularity provokes social disorder and also encourages people to create traditions and taboos. Even though the attachment to regularities is a source of dogmatism and intolerance (attitudes which are anathema to him), Popper advocates social regularities, like social traditions, more favourably than would many other liberals. He suggests that the maintenance of traditions (by which he seems to mean culture or settled ways of thinking and acting) brings order and predictability into our lives and even provides the founda tion of social structures: the important political task is to discriminate between valuable and harmful traditions. This conception of human nature has direct implications for the sort of society he wants to promote and the principles by which it is to be guided. He suggests a slow, gradual reform because this kind of change will not suddenly remove the traditions to which people have become accustomed and thereby create anxiety, terror and violence. There are many contradictions between Poppers advocacy of boldness, novelty and revolution in intellectual but not in social life: I think they might be explained more with reference to his theory of human nature than to his epistemology, even if he justifies the distinction in epistemological terms, it becomes clear that objective knowledge is preferable because of the constraints it exercises over subjective fears and impulses. This account of Poppers conception of human nature demonstrates his concern for the practical impact of ideas upon the social life of human beings, here we may notice a conservative tone in his political thought. Epistemology and History Poppers social and political thought includes a more general, speculative philosophy of history which indicates the character of historical progress. For the author, ideas are the main influences upon whether or not human progress is maintained: all social changes and conflicts, wars and revolutions can be seen as the result of conflict between opposing ideas and ideologies. Even with these conclusions, he shares with the historicists, whom he so vehemently attacks, a belief that there exists a direction to human history given by the growth of knowledge. He claims that the growth of knowledge, and thus the history of science, is the heart of all history. The social dilemmas produced by the most crucial episodes in the evolutionary history still remain; for the author these are best exemplified in the evolution of the different social arrangements that have arisen from the exercise of different human facilities. So the open and the close societies represent ideal types of two differen t stages of social and cultural evolution. According to the author where the lower biological needs are dominant, the social structure has the character of a closed society in which all social life is guided by myths and rigid taboos. A kind of magical attitude prevails, in the closed society there is no scope for self doubt and personal moral responsibility; changes in these kind of societies come about more by the introduction of new magical taboos than by ration attempts to improve social conditions. Popper affirms that the breakdown of the closed society began in Greece around 600 B.C., when new intellectual values, methods and ideas of acquiring knowledge arose together with an original style of politics. The Ionian School inaugurated a new tradition of critical thought: its innovation was to question and discuss dogmas and traditions instead of merely accepting them. Within this historical and philosophical transition, according to Popper, we can trace the emergence of a scien tific method. The ideas of criticism and democratic practice allowed human beings to commence their entrance into the open society where they could become aware of the importance of personal decisions and individual moral responsibility. Where biological and physical bonds became weaker more abstract relations, like exchange and cooperation, linked together people and groups. Democracy and the Open Society One of Poppers most striking contributions to contemporary political thought maybe found in his conception of democracy and of what he defines as open society. The idea of the open society operates both as a minimalist ideal to be sought after and as a celebration of the achievement of modern rationality and liberal democracy. Much of its appeals lies in its apparent capacity to limit the impact of our inevitable errors and to contain potentially harmful social tendencies. The open society, which is basically identified by the author as his idea of democracy, aims to promote criticism and diversity without succumbing either to violence or irreconcilable social division. This adventure in a creative and critical thougth produces conflict, but such problems are resolved by peaceful means; the values of freedom of thought and speech, toleration and individualism operate as both a motivation for, and a constraint upon, individual behavior. Those more substantial differences are to be channelled into the democratic process whereby governments can be replaced by free and regular elections. Popper recognizes the presence of certain dangers in the historical evolution of the open society: he suggests that it could become an abstract society in which social relations might become too rational but, although Popper acknowledges that modern industrial societies exhibit many such features, he denies that the process of abstraction or rationalization will actually complete itself. According to the philosopher there will always be emotional needs which human beings can not satisfy in an abstract society; in this view we see the distinction made between the private and the public sphere. The familiar function of the private sphere provides emotional and biological regeneration for authentic life in the public sphere; though Poppers neglect of the problems of unequal power and authority within family and personal life places him clearly in the mainstream of patriarchal political thought. Even though he knows, and admits, that such democracies fall short of his ideal, he is quite optimistic about their potential. Anyway we must recognize that the transition to the open society remains incomplete and its achievements are always and constantly under threat. On the one hand, biological needs, old traditions but especially the difficulties of living with rationality and personal responsibility all combine to challenge the new society; the passions of our lower nature are always liable to rise up and overthrow the controls instituted by self critical scientific rationality. On the other hand the open society may be inherently self-destructive because critical thought continually erodes those older closed traditions that sustain social institutions. Democracy performs a vital function for both politics and epistemology. I tprovides a peaceful means for reform and change pf government, while ensuring the freedom of thought and speech necessary for intellectual progress. This process encourages a pluralism of ideas and groups, it is the necessary precondition for the working out of political meaningn and aims, and is vital for the processes of critical through and the goal of emancipation through knowledge. Poppers theory of democracy typically grows out of his criticism of other approaches to government, initially Platos than Marxs. Our philosopher denies that the guiding principles of politics should be determined by answers given to the question Who should rule?, instead we should ask How can we so organize political institutions that bad and incompetent rulers can be prevents from doing too much damage? which is followed by an other essential question How can we get rid of those rulers without bloodshed and violence?. In responses, Popper argues that democracy should be founded upon a theory of check and balances: basically we are assuming that even the best rulers might fail, so this theory relies on institutional means for curbing their power. The major check is provided by periodic elections that enable people to oust their government without using violent means: this shows the difference between democracy and its opposite, tyranny which consists if governments which the ruled can not get rid of except by way of a successful revolution. He denies any true meaning or essence of democracy, but he asserts it doesnt mean the rule of people or even that the majority should rule, if only because this is impossible in any practical way. Democracy relies upon the political methods of general elections and representative government and Popper considers that these are always open to improvement; so in such a system individuals are allowed both to criticize the majoritys decisions and, within the law, to revise them. Actually Popper provides little details on the practical aspects, like the methods of representation, size and nature of electorates, and length of terms of office. He does reject proportional representation because of its origins in dubious theories of sovereignty and also because of its propensity to produce unstable coalition governments; in Poppers view, two party government is preferable if only because it allows for more serious internal self-criticism after elections defeats: his view of democracy is, in this sense, a relatively conventional elaboration of liberal pluralist principles. But on their own these principles may not guarantee the survival of liberal democracy: issues of representation, size, nature of electorates and so on all have a bearing upon weather citizens would consider themselves to be member of a legitimate democracy. A pluralist system of checks and balances may be so restrictive as to prevent a duly elected government and business to manipulate public opinion there may be little pressure at all upon those in office in order to change their policies. Assuming that the mass of people can not govern,Poppers theory of democracy may be reduced to a theory of competing elites; for this reason his procedural arguments lie within the tradition of realist and revisionist democratic theory that gives priority to competitive elites and argues for democracy as a method for choosing governments. But Popper departs from realist democratic theory because he recognizes that control over government is not all there is to creating a democratic state and society; his solution, however, is not to encourage widespread political participation but to require that the state protect democracy in two ways. First, since democracies must always be open to new ideas, protection must be given and assured to minorities, except to those who violate law and especially those who incite others to the violent overthrow of the democracy, so we must exclude just those violent changes that could put the democracy in dangerous. Second, because Popper is concerned to avoid the misuse of political power and economic power, he exhortes democratic states to engage in social and economic reforms; he strongly affirms the need of institutions to be constructed in order to protect the economically weak against the economically strong. So he sees the necessity of some sort of economic interventionism as well as some social reforms, the necessity of reforms are essential ingredients for a democratic order: the democratic system should work step by step in order to safeguard freedom form exploitation. Although such strategies create greater possibilities for increased state power and bureaucracy, these may be diminished by strengthening democratic institutions and by following the principles of piecemeal social engineering. This kind of policy is not as restrictive as it is commonly thought, but it odes rule out the nationalization and socialization of the entire private industry of a country. A separate point in favo r of piecemeal social engineering is thought to be its scientific character. Popper considers it methodologically superior to holisitc and revolutionary programmes, in part because social engineers accept the limitations of their knowledge. By reformulating key questions about democracy, Popper sidesteps some of the more usual difficulties of universalist democratic theory. By requiring state action to remedy certain kinds of social and economic problems, he offers more of a policy substance that the usual realist and proceduralist forms of democratic theory. His goal is to avoid or at least minimize the violent conflict that he sees inevitably arising from arguments over the good society. Whereas we may not be able to agree on abstract universal values, the shape of an ideal society or the ultimate good of people, we can generally reach agreement on concrete social and economic evils such as poverty and disease; Popper doesnt develop any universal values but he doesnt abandoned the m. I think a major advantage of Popper commitment to non-violence, public-criticism and freedom of speech is that allows us to retain a critical perspective upon all kinds of governments. His idea of minimal proceduralism and gradualism, for example, may accommodate democratic aspirations less developed or developing countries without subscribing to wholesale westernization and modernization. Poppers substantive policy proposals reject the radicalism of laissez-faire economics and offer the social benefits of gradualism, stability and security. Their negative utilitarianism encourages governments to ameliorate the worst aspects of individualism and capitalism, and allows a legitimate role for state intervention in society and economy. Popper combines ethical proceduralism with a requirement for state-initiated reform, his theory advances somewhat beyond the usual forms of democratic elitism and revisionism. Poppers social and political thought comprises elements which may be designed as liberal, social democratic and conservative. He deeply respects individual freedom and emphasizes the power of ideas in promoting progress while critical rationalism lies primarily within the mainstream of the liberal tradition. Nevertheless his conception of human nature is a combination of liberal and conservative assumptions, which sets out both an optimistic view of human potential and a largely pessimistic account of human needs. Poppers social vision, however, is a liberal rationalist one: an open society in which the values of freedom, reason, toleration and non-violence prevail; he suggests institutional guidelines for building and maintaining democracy, advocating policies such as piecemeal social engineering, oriented towards protecting individuals form the ravages of the market. But for a liberal philosopher, however, the guiding values of liberty, rationality, toleration and non-violence of t he open society are relatively undeveloped. Poppers conservativism is most evident in his political realism and his uncritical attitude towards contemporary liberal democracies. Underlying his stress upon the need for creative and revolutionary thought there is the fear that this will bring social disorder. Hence, such intellectual processes need to be contained within firm traditions whose overthrow cannot be countenanced except to establish a democracy. I believe we might see his political project as an attempt to provide more suitable tradtions or controls upon human thought and action; but I still find an unavoidable conflict between his liberal rationalist values and his perception of the perverse and intractable nature of individuals even if his ethical individualism and cosmopolitism differentiate him form most conservatives. Popper sees totalitarianism of all stripes as essentially tribal, as a closed society, a rebellion against the strain of civilization. He assaults it by using his philosophy of science (which greatly emphasizes falsification, i.e. the refutation of statements and theories) to criticize the doctrines of those whom Popper takes to be behind modern totalitarianism, namely Plato, Aristotle, Hegel and Marx. Brian Magee ably summarizes Poppers reasons for defending the Open Society: Because he regards living as first and foremost a process of problem-solving he wants societies which are conducive to problem-solving. And because problem-solving calls for the bold propounding of trial solutions which are then subjected to criticism and error elimination, he wants forms of society which permit of the untramelled assertion of different proposals, followed by criticism, followed by the genuine possibility of change in the light of criticism. Regardless of any moral considerations he believes that a society organized on such lines will be more effective at solving its problems, and therefore more successful in achieving the aims of its members, than if it were organized on other lines. Such a society is what Popper takes to be social democracy, entailing the prob lem-solving of piecemeal social engineering. This social democracy may indeed have once inspired the intellectual elite of the West, seeking (as many were) alternatives to fascism and communism, but today it inspires hardly anyone. And for good reason, for what else is democratic social reconstruction but that postwar system of fine-tuning the economy, the reign of countless redistributive social programs designed by politicians and social scientists to meet those alleged social needs that a host of interest groups are pressing upon the political systems of the West as non-negotiable demands? Since the Second World War, most of the Western democracies have followed Poppers advice about piecemeal social engineering and democratic social reform, and it has gotten them into a grand mess. Intervention has been piled upon intervention; regulations have been continually modified in unpredictable ways (Popper advocates such revisions in the light of experience); taxation has increased dras tically to finance social welfare programs (as has inflation, with its resulting economic fluctuations); and the unhampered market economy, so forcefully defended by Poppers close friend F. A. Hayek, has been reformed out of existence. Interventionism, piecemeal or not, has worked its inevitable way, and has led to precisely those consequences that Mises, Hayek, Rothbard and others had predicted: economic stagnation and political conflict. Democratic institutions themselves are threatened by those whose vested interests are entwined with the State apparatus. Dime store tinkering, even with freedom of criticism and revision, is leading to the closed society that Popper so fears. There is indeed nothing new in this warning; it is the theme of both Ludwig von Mises Socialism and F. A. Hayeks The Road to Serfdom. In short, the Open Society is not enough. If the Open Society is equivalent to a society in which everything and anything is open to democratic revision except the basic institutions that make democratic revision possible then Popper is only focusing on one need of human beings (that a dubious collective need), not the broader need for liberty that is implied in the outline of his argument as stated by Magee. Popper makes a great deal of noise about individualism, but nevertheless only applies the structure of that argument to collective processes of hypothesis, testing (action) and revision in the light of experience; the argument would apply to individuals as well, since they are the sole constituents of society. By focusing on this collective democratic character of the Open Society, Popper ignores the more basic need for individual liberty in art, business, science, and all other areas as well.The arguments for democracy that Popper presents, then, are in principle identical to arguments for individual liberty. It is the principle of non-aggression, the first principle of liberty, that properly limits the domain of democracy. If Poppers arguments for democracy (as opposed to his advocacy of democracy itself) are valid, then it is not the rigidity of a technology of social engineering that we should seek, but an unhampered market economy, where people can constantly act on their own judgment and can continually revise their plans in accordance with the new information brought by change. This brings us not to social democracy, but to the doctrine of libertarianism. Far more important than the principle of democracy, then, even by Poppers own arguments, is the principle of individual liberty. Liberty is paramount, democracy at best secondary: democracy is important only insofar as it is the servant of and means to the end of liberty. Thus, in following the logical implications of Poppers views (which are not, after all, that original), we move from the open society to the Free Society, and find ourselves agreeing with Michael Polanyis claim, contra Popper, that the Free Society is not an Open Society, but a society committed to a very definite set of rules. In Poppers Open Society, the principle of democracy is regarded as fixed, as not being open to revision. In the Free Society, it is the far more fundamental principle of individual liberty and non-aggression that is not open to revision (though its implications may be refined with growing knowledge). Poppers reasoning is, by and large, correct, but it is individuals who must solve problems to survive, not societies, and therefore individuals who must be free to think and act to achieve values and to revise mistaken plans and impressions in the light of experience or more critical thought. Why is it important to consider The Open Society and Its Enemies after all these years? Very simply, because these are the times when totalitarianism is on the rise, and Western democracies are in the midst of crises that are threatening the stability of their basic institutions, and perhaps even their very survival. In this battle against totalitarianism todays right-wing social democrats the neo-conservatives such as Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Irving Kristol and Daniel Bell are once again raising the banner of social democracy against tyranny. But this is pointless, for such democracy combined with social engineering and statist reforms is inherently unstable and is unjust as well. No mere democratic machinery, no mere procedure, is enough to oppose fascism or communism, not in a world of those real social dynamics that are set in motion by interventionism. Only liberty can fully oppose closed societies, and only if liberty is seen as something that is not to be bargained away or a bandoned through as series of insignificant piecemeal reforms. Liberty must be regarded as the ultimate political end, foremost among those political values held dear by reasonable men and women, the highest and most noble political form possible to human beings. I do not wish to leave the impression that The Open Society is worthless. It is indeed a heuristic work, tossing off suggestive arguments and insights on nearly every page, and the criticisms of Plato, Hegel and Marx are always pregnant ones. Popper is a great and forceful advocate of reason, science and progess, and his passionate idealism shines forth continually from the pages of this work. But so too does nearly every moth-eaten philosophical cliche around, e.g., the attack on certainty, the fact/value dichotomy, and the Humean assault on induction. Moreover, Popper is unnerving in his treatment of capitalism. Opponents of the Open Society who see it as being too coercive are slighted by Poppers astonishing smears of laissez faire, his continual granting of Marxist historical points against capitalism, and his cheerful parading before us of those democratic reforms that have all but obliterated the unhampered free market economy. Social democracy, the Open Society, has been tried and found wanting. The question that faces us now is simply whether those lovers of experiment and flexibility are experimental and flexible enough to advocate that liberty be given a chance. If it is not given that chance, there may be no tu rning back, and we may yet arrive in an era when we shall look back at the totalitarianism of the 1930s as a veritable golden age. But in one sense, at least, Popper is right: the future is ours to shape. Liberty has never been fully tried. It is the task of readers of this journal to remedy that unfortunate situation; if we do not, no one else will.